Fig. 1From: HMGB1, neuronal excitability and epilepsyPerspectives on the role of HMGB1 in epilepsy. HMGB1 exerts its epilepsy-promoting effects mainly by acting on receptors such as TLR4 and RAGE, activating their downstream IL-1β and NF-κB, which in turn act with glutamate receptors such as NMDA receptors to promote hyperexcitablilty and epilepsy. However, many questions remain to be resolved as listed in the schematicBack to article page