Impact of prenatal, neonatal, and postnatal factors on epilepsy risk in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Summary of related and non-related variables for epilepsy onset in childhood and adolescence

Prenatal conditions
Variables	Related	Non-related	Pooled OR [95% CI]
Preterm birth	×		4.36 [95% CI: 1.26–15.09]
Post-term birth		×	0.52 [95% CI: 0.16–1.77]
Smoking during pregnancy	×		1.28 [95% CI:1.1–1.49],
Maternal epilepsy	×		2.06 [95% CI:1.26–3.36]
Eclampsia	×		16.9 [95% CI: 2.05–139.53]
Pregnancy metrorrhagia	×		2.24 [95% CI: 1.36–3.71]
Maternal infection	×		1.28 [95% CI: 1.17–1.41]
Gestational diabetes		×	1.29 [95% CI: 0.86–1.96]
Hypertension		×	1.17 [95% CI: 0.64–2.14]
Preeclampsia		×	0.69 [95% CI: 0.42–1.13]
Maternal age		×	0.93 [95% CI: 0.79–1.10]
Newborn delivery conditions
Variables	Related	Non-related	Pooled OR [95% CI]
Cord prolapses	×		2.58 [95% CI: 1.25–5.32]
Prolonged labor > 6 h	×		6.74 [95% CI: 3.57–12.71]
Cesarean section		×	1.06 [95% CI: 0.86–1.29]
Forceps		×	1.06 [95% CI: 0.86–1.29]
Breech presentation		×	1.21 [95% CI: 0.87–1.68]
Meconium		×	0.89 [95% CI: 0.73–1.09]
Postnatal factors
Variables	Related	Non-related	Pooled OR [95% CI]
Head trauma	×		2.31 [95% CI: 1.54–3.48]
Birth complications	×		3.91 [95% CI: 2.43–6.29]
Low birth weight (< 2.5 kg)	×		1.83 [95% CI: 1.5–2.23]
Gender	×		1.18 [95% CI: 1.06–1.32]

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