Fig. 1

Clinical characteristics of a typical absence seizure patient (No. 14 in Table 1). a Hemorrhagic foci in the right thalamus due to vitamin K1 deficiency at 7 days after birth. b Malacia in the right thalamus; c-d hemorrhage involved the posterior cingulate gyri. e-f No obvious abnormality was observed in the posterior cingulate gyrus before surgery (e), but PET showed a hypometabolism focus in the medial parietal lobe and posterior cingulate gyri (f). g Scalp EEG showed bilateral synchronous 3 Hz GSWDs during absence seizures. h-i SEEG showed interictal discharges obviously originating from the right posterior cingulate cortex (electrodes E1-4) (h) and ictal focal changes (electrodes E1-4) before GSWDs during absence seizures (i)