Table 1 The typical viruses associated with seizures and features of resulting seizures in humans or animal models

Flaviviridae

West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, St Louis Encephalitis virus, Dengue viruses (types 1–4), Tick-borne encephalitis virus

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures;

Partial motor with secondary generalization;

Non-convulsive and convulsive status epilepticus [3];

Acute flaccid paralysis [4]

Zika virus

Early and refractory epilepsy [5]

Bunyaviridae

La Crosse virus

Complex partial or simple partial focal seizure;

Periodic epileptiform discharges [6]

Orthomyxoviridae

Influenza virus

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures;

Convulsive status epilepticus [3];

Febrile seizures [7]

Paramyxoviridae

Mumps virus

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures [3];

Acute flaccid paralysis [4]

Measles virus, Canine distemper virus

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures [3]

Nipah virus

Convulsive status seizures [8]

Rhabdoviridae

Rabies virus

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures [3];

Febrile seizure [9];

Focal facial and limb seizures [10];

Acute flaccid paralysis [4]

Chandipura virus

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures;

Focal seizure [11]

Retroviridae

Human immunodeficiency virus

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures;

Partial motor with/without secondary generalization; Atonic seizures;

Non-convulsive and convulsive status epilepticus;

High incidence of recurrence [3]

Picornaviridae

Enterovirus 70

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures [3]

Complex partial or simple partial focal seizure [6]

Febrile seizure [12]

Enterovirus 71

Complex partial or simple partial focal seizure [6]

Febrile seizure [12]

Poliovirus

Acute flaccid paralysis [4]

Rhinovirus

Febrile seizure [12]

Togaviridae

Eastern equine encephalitis viruses

Complex partial or simple partial focal seizure;

Periodic epileptiform discharges [6]

Reoviridae

Rotavirus

Febrile seizures [13]

Paramyxoviridae

Human parainfluenza viruses

Febrile seizures [13]

Coronaviridae

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

Abnormity located in the temporal lobe accompanied with seizures [14];

Refractory status epilepticus [15]

Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus, Human coronavirus OC43, Human coronavirus HKU1

Febrile seizures [16]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Focal seizure [17]

Pneumoviridae

Respiratory syncytial virus/orthopneumovirus

Febrile seizure [12];

Status epilepticus [15]

Human metapneumovirus

Focal seizure;

Status epilepticus [15];

Febrile seizures [13]

Caliciviridae

Norovirus

Febrile seizures [13]

Astroviridae

Astrovirus

Febrile seizures [13]

Herpesviridae

Herpes simplex type 1,

Herpes simplex type 2

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures;

Complex partial seizures; Non-convulsive and convulsive status epilepticus [3];

Periodic epileptiform discharges; Complex partial or simple partial focal seizure [6]

Human herpes virus 6

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures [3];

Febrile seizures and hippocampal sclerosis [18];

Often partial seizures, prolonged seizures, and repeated seizures [19]

Cytomegalovirus

Generalized tonic-clonic Seizures;

Complex partial seizures;

Non-convulsive and convulsive status epilepticus [3]

Epstein-Barr virus

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures;

Complex partial seizures; Non-convulsive and convulsive status epilepticus [3]

Adenoviridae

Adenovirus

Acute flaccid paralysis [4]

Febrile seizure [12]

Parvoviridae

Bocaparvovirus

Febrile seizure [12]