Table 1 Neurological and non-neurological diseases associated with epilepsy and the related inflammatory mediators
Disease | Inflammatory mediators contributing to epilepsy development | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
Neurological Diseases | Brain trauma | HMGB1, IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β, CCL2, complement, ROS, albumin, microglia, BBB, T cells | |
Stroke | IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, ICAM, VCAM, CX3CL1, MMP-9, BBB | ||
Subarachnoid hemorrhage | DAMPs, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α | ||
Brain tumors | IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β, complement, TLRs, COX, PGs, BBB | ||
Alzheimer’s disease | IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL8, CCL5, MCP-1(CCL2), ROS, complement | [163] | |
Multiple sclerosis | ROS, T cells, B cells, and macrophages | [163] | |
Non-neurological Diseases | Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (produce antibodies against neuronal intracellular and cell-surface antigens and glial antigens) | Antibodies for LGI 1, CASPR2, NR1, GluR1/GluR2, GABAB, Hu/ANNA-1, Ma2/Ta, GAD65, CV2/CRMP5, and GFAP; T cells; B cells | |
Systemic lupus erythematous | IL-10, IL-1β, IL-8, IFN-γ, BBB | ||
Rheumatoid arthritis | TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 | [163] | |
Anti-phospholipid syndrome | Antibodies against membrane anionic phospholipids | [163] | |
Sjogren’s | CD4+ T cells, B cells | [163] | |
Type I diabetes | T cells (Encephalitis with antibodies against GAD65), BBB, TNF-α, IL-12, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies | ||
Celiac disease | IL-1β, IL-6, INF-γ, TNF-α, BBB, T cells, anti-endomysial antibodies, anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies, anti-gliadin antibodies | ||
Ulcerative Colitis | IL-5, IL-13, IL-15, Th2 cells | [163] | |
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | Anti-thyroid antibodies | ||