Table 1 The demographic information and clinical characteristics of the patient
Age: 19 years | Gender: Male | Diagnosis: LGS | No history of asphyxia or trauma |
|---|---|---|---|
Onset age of epilepsy: 3 years | Date of VNS implantation: January 19, 2017 | ||
Anti-epilepsy medication: LTG 150 mg and VPA 1000 mg daily, before and after VNS | Psychotropic medication: risperidone 2 mg and diazepam 2.5 mg daily, before and after VNS | ||
Epilepsy (pre-VNS) • Seizure patterns and frequency i. Generalized tonic–clonic seizures, 2–4 times per month ii. Short tonic seizures, 4–5 times per day • EEG manifestation: generalized spike/spike-and-slow wave discharges dominated | Epilepsy (post-VNS) Seizure patterns and frequency i. No generalized tonic–clonic seizures observed ii. Short tonic seizures, 2–5 times per year • EEG manifestation: localized spikes in the right frontal–temporal lobe dominated | ||
• Psychiatric disorders (pre-VNS): inable to fall asleep and a short sleep time (PSQI score of 16, poor sleep quality) HAMD 14, HAMA 14, PNASS 95, CGI 6, SDSS 15 • Mental retardation | • Psychiatric disorders (post-VNS): increased sleep time and reduced difficulty to fall asleep (PSQI score 11, average sleep quality), HAMD 12, HAMA12, PNASS 95, CGI 5, SDSS 15 • Mental retardation | ||