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Table 4 Seizure frequency change in different studies

From: Managing reproductive problems in women with epilepsy of childbearing age

Study

Study method

Center

Number of pregnancies

SF increased

SF decreased

SF unchanged

ASM use

Reference

EURAP 2013 [72]

Prospective

Multi (> 30)

3735

15.80%

12.00%

70.50%

CBZ LTG VPA PB

First pregnancy trimester

EURAP 2006 [78]

Prospective

Multi (> 30)

1956

17.30%

15.90%

63.60%

CBZ OXC LTG VPA PHT PB

First pregnancy trimester

Cagnetti 2014 [81]

Prospective

Single

274

23.40%

17.50%

59.10%

CBZ LEV LTG OXC PB VPA

Nine months before prepregnancy

Bardy 1987 [85]

Prospective

Single

154

32.00%

14.00%

54.00%

PHT CBZ CZP PRM ESM SLT PB VPA

Prepregnancy

Reisinger 2013 [83]

Retrospective

Single

115

38.30%

17.40%

44.30%

LTG LEV CBZ TPM OXC

Twelve months before pregnancy

Otani 1985 [86]

Prospective

Single

110

16.00%

4.00%

80.00%

PHT PB PRM CBZ VPA

Ten months before pregnancy

Tomson 1994 [84]

Prospective

Single

89

15.00%

24.00%

61.00%

CBZ PHT CLZ ESM PB PRM VPA

One month before pregnancy

Gjerde 1988 [87]

Prospective

Single

78

17.00%

17.00%

67.00%

CBZ PHT PB VPA PRM CLZ CLB

Prepregnancy

Sabers 2009 [80]

Prospective

Single

42

19.00%

10.00%

71.00%

LTG

Prepregnancy

Hoeritzauer 2012 [88]

Prospective

Single

39

30.80%

17.90%

51.30%

LEV

Prepregnancy

Pennell 2008 [89]

Prospective

Single

36

39.00%

33.00%

28.00%

LTG

Prepregnancy

La Neve 2015 [75]

Prospective case control

Single

36 (72 control)

19% (11%)

8% (7%)

72% (82%)

CBZ VPA

Prepregnancy

  1. ASM Antiseizure medication, CBZ Carbamazepine, CLB Clobazam, CLZ Clonazepam, ESM Ethosuximide, LTG Lamotrigine, LEV Levetiracetam, OCB Oxcarbazepine, PB Phenobarbitone, PHT Phenytoin, PRM Primidone, SF Seizure frequency, SLT Sulthiame, TPM Topiramate, VPA Valproate