Skip to main content
Fig. 2 | Acta Epileptologica

Fig. 2

From: The role of inflammation in epileptogenesis

Fig. 2

Typical inflammatory mediators and their associated pathways in epileptogenesis. After an epileptogenic insult or the first seizure, both cytokines and their cognate receptors are increased. The first secretory wave of cytokines could trigger and support the second release wave of inflammatory mediators from glia or neurons, thus amplifying inflammatory downstream cascades, resulting in inflammatory caspase responses and finally neuronal hyper-excitation through transcriptional or relatively fast non-transcriptional ways. Bold dashed lines indicate unclear molecular pathways. Solid lines represent clarified pathways. STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; IL-6: interleukin 6; IL-6R: IL-6 receptor; IL-1β: interleukin 1β; IL-1R: IL-1 receptor; PIK3: phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: protein kinase B; IKK: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TIRAP: Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein; MyD88: mediator myeloid differentiation factor 88; TRAM: Trif-related adaptor molecule; TRIF: TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (A kind of TIRAP); TGF-β: transforming growth factors β; TAK1: TGF-β activated kinase 1; TAB: TAK1 binding protein; NK-κB: nuclear factor kappa-B; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinases; PAMPs: pathogen-associated molecular patterns; DAMPs: damage-associated molecular patterns; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; P2X7Rs: purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptors; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; TNFR1: tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate; TRADD: TNF receptor 1 associated death domain; TRAF: TNF receptor-associated factor; PKA: protein kinase A; Smad: Contraction of Sma and Mad; PKC: protein kinase C; PLC: phospholipase C; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor protein 3; CASP1: caspase 1; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartic acid; AMPA: α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionicacid; TRPV1: transient receptor potential vanilloid 1; GLT: glutamate transporter 1; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1

Back to article page