Fig. 1

Schematic of the involvement of inflammatory cascades in epileptogenesis. PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; DAMPs: damage-associated molecular pattern molecules; PRRs: pattern recognition receptors; TGF-β: transforming growth factor β; PLA2: phospholipase A2; PI3K: phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; NK-κB: nuclear factor kappa-B; AP1: activator protein-1; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid