Table 1 Signs and symptoms distinguishing psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and epileptic seizures (ES)

Differences between PNES and ES irrespective of types of events

Duration of longer than 10 min

Vocalization during or after seizures, complex, with affective content

Vocalization at the beginning, primitive, has no emotional expression

Ictal crying

Occurrence from preictal pseudosleep

Occurrence from sleep

Ictal eye closure

Signs and symptoms discriminating Hypermotor and Focal Motor PNES from ES

Side-to-side head or body movement (compared with generalised tonic clonic seizures only)

Postictal confusion

Pelvic thrusting (frontal lobe partial seizures excluded)

Postictal stertorous (generalised tonic clonic seizures only)

Fluctuating course

Asynchronous jerks (frontal lobe partial seizures excluded)

Signs and symptoms discriminating Akinetic and Subjective Symptoms

Memory recall